A Brief Note On Obstacles Of Effective Communication

Hurdling Obstacles in Effective Communication Communication is the process of sharing ideas, information and messages with others. Any form of communication, written, verbal or non-verbal, can be broken down to three basic components; the sender, the message and the receiver. For communication to be successful, the message needs to not only be received, but interpreted the way the sender meant for it to be intended. Everyone needs to understand what makes communication succeed and what makes it fail. When communication is successful, it is lauded by the after effects, be it a winning campaign, a victory of a war mission or a workforce turning out a larger margin in the profits. When communication fails, the effects are hardly ever lauded;†¦show more content†¦When you have a communication barrier coupled with a diversity issue, the communication can suffer drastically if not fail all together. Work centers must educate themselves on these issues and hurdle any obstacle in th eir way to enhance their communication efforts. Since most work centers are formed with different people from all walks of life, cultural diversity will be explored first. Cultural diversity encompasses the cultural differences that exist between people from different continents, from different countries within each continent and even different groups of people within the same country. Cultural diversity can have as many vast differences from a work center as they are in a country depending on the size and complexity of the organization. Organizations that expand across the globe such as McDonalds and Burger King or organizations that bring people from across a huge country to unite for a common goal such as any branch of the United States military are faced with more diversity issues that can disrupt communication. These organizations must realize these issues and provide education to help eliminate problems or have their employees gain a better understanding of diversity. Cultural Awareness is the foundation of communication and it involves the ability of standing back from ourselves and becoming aware of our cultural values, beliefs and perceptions (Quappe, Cantatore,

How Globalization Affects Luxury Goods - 4512 Words

How Globalization Affects Luxury Goods Industry? Andy Warhol, a pioneer in the visual art movement once said: â€Å"Whenever people and civilizations get degenerate and materialistic, they always point at the outward beauty and riches and say that if what they were doing was bad, they wouldn’t being doing so well, being so rich and beautiful† (Warhol, 1975). Throughout history, luxury emerged as early as civilization did. For old Romans, the concept of luxury was a â€Å"disruptive power of desire†. They set up the first laws about luxury: â€Å"how much could be spent on banquets and adornment† (Ward, 2011). Since the rise of Christianity, luxury stared to changed its meaning to be related to lust and sexuality. Until 17th century, perspectives of†¦show more content†¦An increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world experiences a rapid cross-border movement of goods, service, technology and capital. Luxury goods industry, serve as one of the most competitive indust ry, emerging and developing rapidly all the time. To a great extent, globalization promotes the development of luxury goods industry significantly in spite of the big shock hit by several times of economic crisis. It is hard to imagine that after the financial crisis swept across Europe, many great transitional enterprises had to face collapse and bankrupt while the luxury goods industry become more prosperous. Recently, the French luxury goods group LVMH announced their recent business condition. The volume of the first week in October had incredibly increased by 12% the previous week. The Hermes Corporation also said that in order to meet the increasing number of market demand, it would open 15 branch stores in the latter half of the year. These aroused some fierce debates, the public held a skeptical opinion towards the questions: How can the luxury companies maintain their positions? Why didn’t they strike down by financial crisis? The spread of globalization forms an economic theory—in order to maximize the interests of each country, the interdependence among countries accelerates the flows ofShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Effect on Pakistan1531 Words   |  7 PagesAffect of Globalization on Pakistan The word Globalization refers to â€Å"the growing integration of economies and societies around the world† (World Bank 2010). There has been an increasing amount of connection between various economies and one of the greatest challenges we face is to make this connection a positive one. Globalization certainly has the greatest influence on developing nations around the world. Countries such as India, China and Russia have been positively affected by globalization sinceRead MoreWe Must Be A Citizen Of A Community Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesimplications elsewhere. In order to fully comprehend what it means to think globally and act locally, one must first look at how globalization and hybridity have shaped the world and are continuing to do so. What it means to be a citizen of a community has changed due to altered boundaries and a new wave of cosmopolitans and global citizens have sprung up as a result. The idea of globalization and hybridity are sometimes thought to be new constructs, but they have been affecting the world for hundreds of yearsRead MoreGlobal Trade : Identify The Losers1626 Words   |  7 PagesMultinational companies have been doing business in other countries for a century; however globalization has changed the picture for even smaller companies around the world. Smaller companies can also get their market share in the global economy. In this paper, globalization is defined, as well as identifying various challenges and opportunities associated with globalization. Defining Globalization Globalization is the distribution of products and services to nations around the world. Each nationRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Current Era of Globalization with the First Age of Globalization (1850s-1920s). What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization in Its Current Context?1720 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent era of globalization with the first age of globalization (1850s-1920s). What are the advantages and disadvantages of globalization in its current context? Word count: 1530   Unit Coordinator: Dr Tony Ramsay I am going to contrast the current era of globalization with the first age of globalization in many different aspects, in the mean time analysis the merits and demerits of　globalization in its current context. John and Kenneth (2012, p. 28) find that the concept of globalization means theRead MoreA Social Critique Of The Judgment Of Taste1661 Words   |  7 PagesPierrie Bourdieu was a sociologist, anthropologist, philosopher, and renowned public intellectual. He mainly focused with the dynamics of powers in society; especially those that were diverse and delicate in the ways of how they were transferred. As well as how social order were maintained throughout the time of their existence. (Bourdieu) Bourdieu is best known for his book Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste. Being deemed the sixth most important sociological work of the twentiethRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management6331 Words   |  26 Pagesthe luxury Wrist watches. And they are the leaders in the field of watch business. In this report i have mentioned the principles of the strategic planning and proters five forces rule and the steeple analysis. And i have apllied all these to my company which ‘Rolex’. And how they are implementing the strategies. Secondly, i have mentioned the effective marketing options tjhat the Rolex company have when compared to the other watch companies. And thirdly, i have outlined how the globalization changedRead MoreThinking Globally and Acting Locally 1172 Words   |  5 Pagesnegative effects and positive effects on the youths. Globalization has led to an increasing connection among different people of the world. This means the youths are to know about what is happening in the larger environment. The youths have borrowed and shared good ideas and innovations across the world under the maxim of thinking globally and acting locally. But on the same note, the youth have shared and borrowed negative ideas. The media affects an entire nation the youths included as their wayRead MoreThe Trade Theories Of International Business1500 Words   |  6 Pagessales, investments, and transportation, that take place between two or more countries† It is the exchange of goods and services among individuals in multiple countries. There are some of the trade theories that influence competitive advantages. One of the theories is the Absolute advantage theory, which states that some countries produce some goods more efficiently than others. By being good at one thing a country can gain competitive advantage as a whole. A country can have a natural advantageRead MoreCadillacs Marketing and Business Strategy1685 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Cadillacs Marketing/Business Strategy Massachusetts Introduction The Cadillac belongs to a luxury car segment that was earlier dominated by Packard in the US and by Benz in Europe. The positioning of the Cadillac and twenty years of struggle to make it number one has paid off today even though General Motors is in trouble. The Cadillac survives as a separate entity in the luxury market and this again is the result of a most brilliant strategy. History and Present Position Americas mostRead MoreThe Productivity And Flexibility Of The Labor Market918 Words   |  4 Pagestechnologies. The size of the market affects productivity since large markets allow firms to exploit economies of scale. Traditionally, the markets available to firms have been constrained by national borders. In the era of globalization, international markets have become a substitute for domestic markets, especially for small countries. There is no doubt that sophisticated business practices are conducive to higher efficiency in the production of goods and services. Business sophistication concerns

The Madness of Hamlet Essay Example For Students

The Madness of Hamlet Essay Each director has a distinct interpretation of the scene of Polonius’s murder. All three interpretations show fluctuating levels of hysteria within Hamlet’s mind. Michael Almereyda portrays Hamlet as having a great level of mental instability and hysteria. This is shown through his actions throughout this scene. At the beginning of the scene Hamlet is shown being extremely violent towards Gertrude. He throws her on the floor with great force, and then while on the ground he grabs her hair and forces her against the mirror. While against the mirror Hamlet makes Gertrude look at her herself. After this he pulls her away and wraps his arms around her neck and holds her there (Almereyda 2000). The violence expressed shows his inability to control his emotions. Further, this shows his mental instability because he lacks that ability have a normal interaction with his mother. He lets his anger overcome all other emotions he is feeling and takes it out on Gertrude. Also, within this scene Almereyda shows Hamlet’s hysteria after he has committed the act of killing Polonius. While still holding Gertrude in a choke like hold he shoots Polonius through a closet door. After Polonius is shot he falls out of the closet and onto the floor. Hamlet stands on the bed and looks down at the body. He appears shocked and as if he doesnt know what to do (Almereyda 2000). Hamlets mental instability is shown here by the emotions he shows. He shows no remorse for what he has just done and only stays focused on the body for only a short period of time before returning to his interest in Gertrude. Rodney Benner shows hamlet as having both high and low levels of mental instability and hysteria. He is shown as having high levels during the beginning of this scene. Benner shows Hamlet being verbally abusive towards Gertrude. He yells in Gertrudes face and speaks in a harsh tone of voice. His increasingly violent actions thus lead to Gertrude slapping Hamlet across the face. Hamlet responds by pulling out his sword and threatening her with it (Benner 1980). These actions show Hamlet’s mental instability because he is unable to keep his emotions under control. He lets his anger take over and he takes out his rage on Gertrude. He continues to show this high level of instability during the murder of Polonius. After being threatened, Gertrude calls out for help.

The Issue of American Horror Story

The annual Emmy Awards attract a lot of audience to the screens of TV sets because many people want to be the first to know the names of the winners. It is important to note that the popularity of the Emmy Awards is connected with the fact that the nominated primetime shows entertain the millions of Americans each evening, and all these shows have their fans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of American Horror Story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is why, the 64th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards Ceremony which was on Sunday, September 23, 2012 drew the attention of TV fans and critics. The most controversial situation is associated with the problem of categories according to which the shows were assessed. The fans of American Horror Story accentuate the fact that the category for presenting the show was chosen inappropriately. Producers of the show are inclined not to comment on the situation, and cri tics propose different explanations to the problem. Thus, examining the information about this controversial situation with determining the category for American Horror Story, it is necessary to pay attention to such aspects as the speaker or the person who provides his vision of the problem, the causes of the situation, and its consequences in relation to the fact the show has not won all the announced nominations. To examine the aspects of the situation, it is significant to refer to different sources of information. The materials presented in the daily magazine The Hollywood Reporter and posted by the online provider of business news International Business Times were chosen to compare and contrast the approaches to the media coverage of the situation. The Hollywood Reporter is oriented to the entertainment information that is why the information was presented in the form of commenting on Jessica Lange’s (the actress of American Horror Story) vision of the problem, basing o n the interview with the actress. Jessica Lange â€Å"took a firm no comment on whether the FX series would have been better off competing in the drama category†, but concentrated on her emotions in relation to the work (Goldberg). According to the first criterion, the readers of The Hollywood Reporter have the opportunity to observe the situation only from the point and position of one person. That is why, this vision can be discussed as rather subjective. The material presented at International Business Times provides the viewpoints of several speakers interested in the problem. Thus, it is possible to examine the position of the producers, of John Landgraf, FX’s president, and of James Hibberd in relation to the problem of confusing categories (Zara).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the most important aspects to be highlighted is the causes of presenting A merican Horror Story in the category of miniseries when the show actually should be nominated in the drama category because of its format. The article in The Hollywood Reporter does not provide the direct answers to the question of causes, providing the description of the situation with references to Jessica Lange’s words (Goldberg). However, the material at International Business Times provides the audience with several possible causes of the situation with references to different persons. Thus, it is stated in the article, â€Å"many critics saw the move as a thinly veiled way to keep the show from competing directly with heavy hitters in the Outstanding Drama category, including AMC’s Mad Men and Breaking Bad and Showtime’s Homeland (Zara). Moreover, John Landgraf accentuates that â€Å"we always knew that American Horror Story was going to be a miniseries in the sense that we knew that it was a close-ended show† (Zara). It is possible to state that t he question of real causes remains still open. The fans of American Horror Story concentrate on the fact that the inappropriate category could influence the chances of the show to win the nomination. From this point, it is necessary to focus on presenting the consequences of the situation for the show. Thus, answering the question about the chances of American Horror Story to win the nomination in another category, Jessica Lange said, â€Å"I don’t know. That’s an area that I wouldn’t be able to speak to† (Goldberg). When the position of Jessica Lange in relation to the outcomes of being nominated in the wrong category cannot be identified clearly, the position of the author of the material presented at International Business Times is rather clear. Stating that the controversy â€Å"ended with a thud on Sunday night when Horror Story lost to Game Change†, the author connects the choice of an inappropriate category for nomination with the showâ€⠄¢s loss (Zara). In spite of the fact the materials presented in The Hollywood Reporter and at International Business Times are dedicated to the controversy with categories at the Emmy Awards, the approaches to discussing the aspects of the situation are different. The coverage of the situation in two sources differs in three criteria which are the speaker, the discussion of the causes, and the analysis of the consequences of nominating American Horror Story in the category of miniseries instead of the drama category. Works Cited Goldberg, Lesley. â€Å"Emmys 2012: Jessica Lange Says ‘American Horror Story’ Like ‘Doing a Different Film’†. The Hollywood Reporter 24 Sep. 2012: 10.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of American Horror Story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Zara, Christopher. Confusing Emmy Categories Are The Real American Horror Story. 24 Sep. 2012. Web. http s://www.ibtimes.com/confusing-emmy-categories-are-real-american-horror-story-795269. This essay on The Issue of American Horror Story was written and submitted by user Gwen Stacy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A look at Abnormal psychology essays

A look at Abnormal psychology essays A Look at Abnormal Psychology through SYBIL Although Sybil Dorsett had many psychological problems, there are some that have a larger role in determining the outcome of her life. Her mother, the main cause of Sybils abnormities is in not the sole cause. Sybils identification with the males in her life also causes her some distress, since she trusts the three main males in her life, but they in turn do not offer her any help. Sybil is also troubled by the fact that she is unable to channel her creativity in a productive manner. While she has many talents she is unable to utilize them as they are all trapped in her separate selves. Finally, due to her mothers condition and the effect her mother had on her, Sybil suffers from a denial of self -realization. Through the combination of these and other predicaments, Sybil develops very individualistic ways to deal with the problems of everyday life. Mainly, she develops different people to help her deal with her troubles and tribulations. Sybil does not come into contact with many males during her life, as she tells Richard herself during their intimate time together. The other men in her life, her father, and her doctor during her childhood are both aware of her condition. And Richard also later finds out about Sybils uncommon troubles. However, although all of them have the power to help her, they do not. Her father, clearly aware of his wifes treatment of their daughter stands back and does nothing. The doctor, as he confesses to Dr. Wilbur near the climax of the movie, knows about Sybils multitude of physical troubles, and yet he does not alert the authorities or confront the mother. Richard, after finding out, leaves Sybil and also moves out of his apartment. Sybil must feel some sort of abandonment, since these men chose not to come to her aid when all of them had the power to. This, undoubtedly, has a troubling affect on her self-esteem and self-...

30 Prompts for a Persuasive Paragraph, Essay, or Speech

30 Prompts for a Persuasive Paragraph, Essay, or Speech When considering topics  for a persuasive paragraph, essay, or speech, focus on those that genuinely interest you and that you know something about.  Any one of the 30 issues listed here may serve as a good starting point, but feel free to adapt the topic to meet the needs and concerns of your audience.   30 Persuasive Writing Topics In an essay or speech addressed to your boss, explain why you deserve a raise in pay. Be sure to provide specific information to justify the proposed pay increase.Some people dismiss science fiction or fantasy as a purely juvenile form of amusement, an escape from problems and issues in the real world. Referring to one or more particular books, movies, or television programs, explain why you agree or disagree with this observationWhen the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure Act was put into practice in 2010, it limited the ability of anyone under the age of 21 to qualify for a credit card. Explain why you support or oppose the restrictions that have been placed on students access to credit cardsThough texting is a valuable way of communicating, some people spend too much time sending messages by phone instead of interacting with others face to face. Addressing an  audience  of your peers, explain why you agree or disagree with this observation.Most of the s o-called reality programs on television are highly artificial and bear little resemblance to real life. Drawing on one or more specific programs for your examples, explain why you agree or disagree with this observation Online learning is not only convenient for students and teachers but often more effective than traditional classroom instruction. Addressing an audience of your peers, explain why you agree or disagree with this observationSome educators favor replacing the letter-grade method of evaluating student performance with a pass-fail grading system. Explain why you support or oppose such a change, drawing on examples from your own experience in school or collegeLaws should be enacted to restrict the bonuses that can be given to the CEOs of companies that are debt-ridden and losing money. With reference to one or more specific companies, explain why you agree or disagree with this proposalTeachers and administrators in many American schools are now authorized to conduct random inspections of students lockers and backpacks. Explain why you support or oppose this practiceExplain why you do or do not favor a major reform of English spelling so that each sound is represented by only one letter o r one combination of letters ï » ¿Because electric cars are costly and dont do enough to protect the environment, the government should eliminate subsidies and incentives for manufacturers and consumers of these vehicles. With reference to at least one particular vehicle that has been supported by federal subsidies, explain why you agree or disagree with this proposalTo save fuel and money, Friday classes should be eliminated on campus and a four-day work week implemented for all employees. With reference to the effects of reduced schedules at other schools or colleges, explain why you support or oppose this planIn a speech or essay directed at a younger friend or family member, explain why dropping out of high school to take a job before graduation is or is not a good ideaExplain why you do or not favor the enforcement of a mandatory retirement age so that more job opportunities can be created for young peopleNot all recycling projects are cost-effective. Explain why you agree or disagree with the principle th at any community recycling project must turn a profit or at least pay for itself In a speech or essay addressed to the head of your school or college, explain why snack and soda vending machines should or should not be removed from all classroom buildings on your campusOver the past 20 years, more and more public schools have implemented policies requiring students to wear uniforms. Explain why you support or oppose mandated school uniformsThe city council is now considering a proposal to allow construction of a shelter for homeless individuals and families. The proposed site for the homeless shelter is adjacent to your campus. Explain why you support or oppose this proposalResearch has shown that a short afternoon nap can promote physical well-being and improve mood and memory. Explain why you support or oppose a proposal to adjust schedules so that napping will be encouraged at your school or workplace, even if this means a longer work dayMany states now require proof of U.S. citizenship before admitting a student to a public college or university. Explain why you support or oppose this requirement Rather than lay off workers in bad economic times, some companies have chosen to reduce the length of the work week (while also reducing pay) for all employees. Explain why you support or oppose a shorter work weekThe introduction of new digital technologies has radically altered peoples reading habits over the past 25 years. In light of this change, explain why students should or should not be required to read lengthy textbooks and novels in their classesIn some school districts, children are bused to schools outside their neighborhood in an effort to achieve diversity. Explain whether you favor or oppose compulsory busing of schoolchildren.Explain why doctors and school nurses should or should not be allowed to prescribe contraceptives to children under the age of 16Your state legislature is now considering a proposal to allow drinking by 18- to 20-year-olds after they have completed an alcohol education program. Explain why you support or oppose this proposalSome school authoritie s have the power to remove from libraries and classrooms any books that they consider inappropriate for children or teens. Pointing to specific examples of how this power has been exercised, explain why you support or oppose this form of censorship To reduce unemployment among young people, legislation has been introduced to repeal all minimum-wage laws. Explain why you support or oppose such legislationThere have recently been movements to boycott products imported from countries that tolerate the exploitation of underage workers. Using specific examples, explain why you support or oppose such boycottsIn your school or college, instructors have the right to ban cell phones (or mobiles) in their classrooms. Explain why you favor or oppose such a banIn some cities, traffic congestion has been reduced by the creation of toll zones. Explain why you do or do not favor the imposition of mandatory fees on drivers in your city.

Hong Kong and the Impact of Cyber Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hong Kong and the Impact of Cyber Crimes - Essay Example Nonetheless, no process is without a flaw; and many take advantage of this fact to steal from individuals and organizations that engage in e-payments. Despite all efforts of the government to restrain cyber crimes, and of information technology specialists to fortify domain firewalls, anxieties related to online transactions are mounting, and in a way, adversely affect international marketing endeavors. I. E-payment and Cybercrimes Electronic payments â€Å"refer to the systems and strategies required to enable the actual disbursement of funds electronically. It is concerned not only with the electronic transactions themselves, but also with the infrastructure required for billing and buyer authentication† (Botha and Geldenhuys, 2004, p. 67). The funds may be in the form of electronic checks, credit cards, purchasing cards, and electronic cash (Rainer and Cegielski, 2007). Authentication typically involves the username and password tandem, although other institutions support e xtended verification systems. For instance, Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) provide internet bankers with security device, while Emirates NBD incorporate the CHIP and PIN technology in all debit accounts. A team of researchers from Indiana University and Microsoft Corporation reported that major e-payment systems, e-retailers and e-commerce platforms have system security software glitches that can be abused by illicit websites to divert payments, or obtain goods for free or at reduced prices (Demery, 2011). Meanwhile, the Internet Fraud Complaint Center in the United States receives 200,000 consumer complaints per year, with securities and commodities fraud encompassing 16 percent (Miller and Jentz, 2009). Banks that rely heavily on online operations are at risk of losing profits as consumers also lose confidence on the security of online banking, specifically electronic payment of bills. Yet, although perpetrators of cyber crimes generally victimize financial serv ice companies, the Anti-Phishing Working Group has recorded cases of attempts to exploit â€Å"social networking and gambling sites† as well (CIO, 2007, p.36) II. Cyber Crimes in Hong Kong The Census and Statistics Department reveals that 76 percent of households in Hong Kong have computers, 73 percent of which maintains broadband connection; and about 63 percent of firms use personal computers, 98 percent of which do regular emails (Cagape, 2010). The figures clearly indicate that majority of the population in Hong Kong engage in online pursuits, and a significant portion of businesses are conducted via the internet. This alone leaves the country a viable target for cybercrimes. Speakers at the Information Security Summit 2008 reported an increase of 44 percent in hacking attacks in Hong Kong between January and October 2008, while the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) stated that during the same period, they have already dealt with 483 incidents of cyber crimes (Spam Fighter, 2008). Unfortunately, Hong Kong is also deficient in internet laws and certain websites are criticized for mediocre security features. Michelle Chan of Herbert Smith law firm observes that existing internet laws in Hong Kong are appropriate for misconducts in the early 1990s, but no further amendments were effected since then. On the other hand, this does not mean

Authority of Shipper's Representatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Authority of Shipper's Representatives - Essay Example This paper stresses that Shipper’s Representative is authorized to aid Production Scheduling for shipment by use of work orders daily.   This includes screening of customer purchase order vs. company work orders for agreement, preparation of shipping invoices and/or packing lists, preparation of international export documentation (if any), determines method of shipment and preparation of appropriate carrier’s paperwork using established guidelines. S/He affixes shipping labels on packed cartons. Compares identifying information and counts, weighs or measures items of incoming and outgoing shipments to verify information against bill of lading, invoices, order, or other records. S/He is authorized to keep and maintains inventory of shipping materials and supplies.This paper outlines that the seller must see to it that shipment schedule is met. Where the seller is required or authorized to send goods to the buyer and the contract does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, then unless otherwise agreed he must under Subsection (a) of Section 2-504. However, any quotation or forecast on an order acknowledgment is only an estimate of the time required to make shipment and seller will not assume liability, substantial or otherwise, because of any delay or failure to deliver all or any part of any order for any reason, including its active or passive negligence.... S/He affixes shipping labels on packed cartons. Compares identifying information and counts, weighs or measures items of incoming and outgoing shipments to verify information against bill of lading, invoices, order, or other records. S/He is authorized to keep and maintains inventory of shipping materials and supplies. Section 2-504 Shipment by Seller. The seller must see to it that shipment schedule is met. Where the seller is required or authorized to send goods to the buyer and the contract does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, then unless otherwise agreed he must under Subsection (a) of Section 2-504, Part 5, he must put the goods in the possession of such a carrier and make such contract for their transportation and promptly notify the buyer of the shipment. However, any quotation or forecast on an order acknowledgment is only an estimate of the time required to make shipment and seller will not assume liability, substantial or otherwise, because of any delay or failure to deliver all or any part of any order for any reason, including its active or passive negligence. The seller reserves the right to allocate inventories and current production in any way it deems desirable. Authority of Shipper's Rep. 4 Section (2-505). Seller's Shipment under Reservation, Subsection (1) stipulates "where the seller identified the goods to the contract by or before shipment". The provisions of this section authorized the seller or his nominee to procure a negotiable bill of lading to his own order that binds him the security of interest in the goods. It gives him the right to effect transfer of the goods to the named person or buyer.

Southwest Airlines Essay Example for Free

Southwest Airlines Essay Marketing is a vital part of any business and is an integral component of selling any product. Whether the business is a small mom and pop operation or a world leader, marketing is a part of the business. Because there are many ways to fulfill the needs of the customer, a straight-forward approach is to consider the four Ps of the marketing mix. This paper will examine the marketing mix and give examples of the marketing mix as it pertains to Southwest Airlines. The four elements of the marketing mix are product, place, promotion and price. Product is the good or service sold to satisfy a customers needs. Place involves all of the decisions required to make the product or service available in the target market, or customers, place. Promotion is the process of informing the target market of the product. Finally, the fourth element of the marketing mix is price. Price setting includes components such as analysis of price setting by the competition as well as analysis regarding acceptance or rejection of prices by the identified market (McCarthy and Perreault, 2002, pp. 48 50). The United States airline industry is very competitive. Following the attacks on September 11th, there have been several airlines that have gone out of business or have filed bankruptcy. Southwest Airlines has been able to stay in business and out of bankruptcy. Southwest Airlines is the only major airline to be profitable for the past 20 years (McCarthy and Perreault, 2004, p. 7). This is in part to their marketing department. Southwest Airlines is an airline with a creative marketing department. The airline industry in the United States has seen many changes of the years. In the early days of air travel, only the wealthy could afford to fly. Flying to a destination was a luxury and not a part of everyday life. Today there is a wide variety of airlines and appeals to a wide variety of consumers. Southwest Airlines distinguishes its products and services from the competition through its marketing campaigns. The Dallas-based airline carved its niche in short-haul flights with low prices, reliable service, and a healthy sense of humor (Armstrong, G Kotler, P., 2005, p.318). This humor is a major theme in the marketing campaign. Southwest distinguishes  itself as a fun airline, known for humorous in-flight commentary from pilots and cabin crew members (Armstrong, G Kotler, P., 2005, p.318). Southwest has brought the place aspect of the marketing mix to all consumers. The place aspect of the marketing mix is where and when to deliver the product. Southwest Airlines uses various avenues for this. One area is providing an 800 number for the consumer to check pricing and availability. Another avenue used is the internet. Southwest Airlines has won several awards for their internet site. The internet site allows the consumer to visit Southwest from anywhere there is an internet connection. So, if you are at the library, office, internet cafà ©, or on a portable device such as a Blackberry, Southwest is there. Southwest has become known as a low cost airline. Through research, Southwest found there is a need for a low cost, no frills airline. Price was important to the consumer when choosing an airline. A poll taken by Airliners.net surveyed, 31% ranked ticket cost as the most important factor when choosing an airline (Airliners, 2006). For the price element of the marketing mix to work, Southwest streamlined its operations. By lowering their costs, Southwest can offer lower fares than their competition. For example, Southwest used one type of aircraft, Boeing 737s, all equipped with the same flight instruments. By doing so, Southwest saves time and money in training their employees on only one type of equipment. Management can substitute aircraft, reschedule flight crews, or transfer mechanics quickly. The tactic also saves money through lower spare-parts inventories and better deals when acquiring new planes (Kotler Keller, 2006, p. 427). The final P of the marketing mix is promotion. Southwest promotes its services is a variety of methods. Television commercials air during highly viewed hours such as sporting events or popular television shows. These commercials usually have a humorous tone as well as information on the latest special. Southwest latest marketing tool is named Ding. Ding is a computer program which allows the consumer to be notified of specials.  Notifications of the specials occur at various times of the day and may occur multiple times per day. The icon for this is a tail of a Southwest plane and appears in the system tray (lower right hand corner of a computer screen). When the specials arrive the icon changes to a piece of mail over the tail section of the plane and a sound occurs. The sound is the Ding tone heard in the Southwest television commercials and in the cabin of the airplane. The consumer can click on the icon to launch the software. The screen appears with the details of the latest special. These specials are market specific and are focused on time availability. The public relations for Southwest speak to the character of the company. Southwest sponsors various charitable events and the employees, including the CEO, volunteer for various events. The charity work Southwest does also aids in the promotion of the company. The consumer may feel the company is good because of its social responsibility. The four elements relate to an organizations marketing strategy. Marketing is just one element of an organizations overall business plan. By understanding the product which the organization is producing, the company will be able to determine materials needed, staffing needed to produce the product, and establish the cost to produce the product. Marketing should not take over production, accounting, and finance of an organization. Marketing should be included in these functions to aid in direction and coordination. Understanding the cost of the product will allow the organization to price the product. The price of the product may vary. The reason for the varying in price is based on the customer perceived value of the product. A product with a higher price tag is generally perceived as a better quality product, while the inverse is also true. An organization should price a product at the point which will benefit the organization best. Marketing is an important element for any business. By analyzing the four Ps of product, price, place, and promotion, an organization can have a successful marketing campaign. Whether the business is a small mom and pop organization or a major corporation such as Southwest Airlines, marketing can play an important role in its success. Understanding the marketing mix will put an organization on the road towards this success. References: Airliners. (2006). Passenger Survey. Retreived March 9, 2006 from http://www.airliners.net. Armstrong, G Kotler, P. Marketing: An Introduction, Seventh Edition. (2005). New York: Prentice Hall. Kotler, P Keller, K. Marketing Management, Twelfth Edition. (2006). New York: Prentice Hall. McCarthy, E.J. Perreault, W.D. Basic Marketing: A Global Managerial Approach. (2002). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. McCarthy, E.J. Perreault, W.D. Marketing: Principles and Perspectives, Fourth Edition. (2004). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies

Problems With The Death Penalty Essay -- legal issues, death penalty

Who has the right to take away someone’s life? No one really, but the bitter truth is that the government does. The way they see it is an eye for an eye. Protecting the rest of the world from what is considered to be a monstrous human being filled with only hatred and violence, with no chance of changing or improving their horrific behaviors. The death penalty is racially and economically biased, rarely reversed for the wrongly accused, and the government should not have that power. What is the death penalty some might ask? According to WiseGreek â€Å"It is a punishment that involves executing someone after being found guilty of a capital crime. It is considered to be an act of retribution, making sure that the person cannot and will not repeat these offenses. Depending on where you live the death penalty differs. In the United States that honor is reserved for those who commit murder in the first degree, espionage, or treason. A typical sentence would be a decade or more just waiting for execution; where they will die from lethal injection. Until then prisoners on death row spend majority of their time suffering in isolation. Unlike the other prisoners those on death row are held to different standards. Unable to enjoy their last moments of their lives, living in unbearable and harsh living conditions. The 8ft by 8ft cells they are placed in can only hold a bed and toilet. During visiting hours inmates are separated by glass and closely watched. Janis Barkda le once stated in a recent interview with Aja Beech and myself that when she went to visit her fiancà © that in addition to the glass separating them and the guards Robert Lark was also wearing hand and ankle cuffs. Not to mention that when they are allowed to go outside for a... ...E ON DEATH ROW.† Web blog post. Death Penalty Information Center. Michigan Law Review, 2005, June 2008. Web. 13 Jan 2014. Donohue, John J., and Justin J. Wolfers. â€Å"Uses and abuses of empirical evidence in the death penalty debate.† Stanford law review 58.1 (2006): 791-846. â€Å"Death Penalty Appeals Process/ Capital Punishment in context†. Death Penalty Appeals Process/ Capital Punishment in Context. N.P., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. . "Does the Death Penalty Violate the 8th Amendment?" The Premier Online Debate Website. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Jan. 2014. Equal Justice imitative.† Racial Bias. N.p., n.d. Web. 16. Jan 2014. . â€Å"Has DNA Testing Led to Significant Improvements in the Criminal Justice Statem?† ProCon.Org. 19 Aug. 2008. Web. 15 Dec.2013

The Past , Present, and Future of Unix

The Past, Present, and Future of UNIX By CIS 155 UNIX Operating System March 4, 2012 Abstract In the beginning, two men Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie in 1969 created an operating system that still has potential and relevance in today’s ever changing computer world, that operating system is called UNIX. I will be going over the past and present of UNIX and will also tell on how I feel about the future of UNIX. In the past, UNIX, a dominant operating system which pioneered the future of operating systems and how they are used today.Older platforms were written in assembly language which makes moving files around to different computers extremely difficult, when UNIX was created it was originally written in that same language but later changed to a high level language we all know today as C, there is only a small portion of the UNIX operating system that remain in assembly language and that is located in the kernel of the operating system. â€Å"Universities and colleges have p layed an important role in the popularity of the UNIX operating system.In 1975, Bell labs offered the UNIX operating system to educational institutions at minimal cost. †(Afzal, 2008) Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Past of UNIX †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 UNIX of today †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Future of UNIX †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Introduction UNIX has many tools at i ts disposal like line editors, application program nterfaces, development environments, libraries, and documentation (Anthes, 2009). This makes UNIX a very powerful system and the best part about it all is it was written on a microcomputer. UNIX is a multitasking, multi user computer operating system. When UNIX was created it was written in assembly language which made it hard to port to other hardware and was later recoded in a high level language, they chose C as their language. UNIX and the programming language C were both designed and developed by AT&T and given to Universities and colleges.These programs were incorporated into the computer science curriculum, and students, in turn, became familiar with UNIX and it sophisticated programming environment (Afzal, 2008). There are two major versions of UNIX and a lot more that are based off of the two major versions, the two major versions include AT&T UNIX version V and Berkeley UNIX, other version which are based off of these two include Solaris, Solaris was the operating system of Sun Microsystems that was based on UNIX System V Release 2 and BSD.UnixWare, UnixWare there are two versions of UnixWare, UnixWare Personal Edition which was for desktops and UnixWare Application Server which was used on servers. Linux, Linux is a very close implementation of UNIX and conforms to many of the same standards that UNIX does (Afzal, 2008). There are many different versions of UNIX and all have the same objective in mind, some were designed to be used by the company that made it others were designed to work the same as UNIX and be cheaper to use but in the end they all operate like UNIX.Let’s look into the Past, Present and Future of the famous operating system that started it all. Past of UNIX UNIX was created on a smaller computer called the PDP-7 which was made by Digital Equipment Corporation. UNIX was basically a new operating system that took the good of all the other systems that they created like Multics . â€Å"Of course, UNIX' success didn't happen all at once. In 1971 it was ported to the PDP-11 minicomputer, a more powerful platform than the PDP-7 for which it was originally written.Text-formatting and text-editing programs were added, and it was rolled out to a few typists in the Bell Labs Patent department, its first users outside the development team. † (Anthes, 2009). â€Å"The first commercial instance of UNIX worldwide was installed in early 1972 at New York Telephone Co. Systems Development Center under the direction of Dan Gielan. An Operational Support System was developed entirely in assembly language by Neil Groundwater and it survived nearly 7 years without change. UNIX did have a rough start in the first few years of its life and AT&T was forbidden from entering the computer business by a 1958 decree, which wouldn’t allow UNIX to become a product. By 1983 AT&T and Bell systems were broken up which alleviated their problem with the decree, AT&T rushed to market the UNIX system and that move nearly destroyed UNIX. Through the life of UNIX all of its up and downs it is still considered a very powerful Operating System and is still in use by some companies and also works with some systems like Mac OS.UNIX of Today UNIX has been around for almost 43 years and still is in use by programmers and some operating systems like MAC OS. There are many versions of UNIX; most resemble UNIX in some way or another which goes to show that this platform is still playing a strong part in today’s ever changing computer world. All these years later there are many different Applications that are UNIX, UNIX based or a completely different operating system that resembles UNIX. â€Å"Minix incorporated all the ideas of UNIX, and it was a brilliant job,† Salus says. Only a major programmer, someone who deeply understood the internals of an operating system, could do that. † Minix would become the starting point for Linus Torvalds' 1991 creation of Linux — if not exactly a UNIX clone, certainly a UNIX look-alike. (Anthes, 2009). From some of my research it seems that Linux is the Operating System of choice it’s a lot cheaper to use and has a very strong resemblance to UNIX and a lot of the commands used by UNIX are incorporated into the Linux OS.Some of the UNIX variants were dying out only Solaris, HP-UX and AIX were still doing fairly well in the market. A lot of lawsuits began in the early 2000’s which started actions against users and vendors of Linux, the SCO group stated that Linux contained copyrighted UNIX code now owned by the SCO group, this began the SCO vs. Novell lawsuit, AT;T sold all rights of the UNIX system to Novell which gave him all the copyrights. The case was decided in Novells favor that he owned the copyrights to UNIX and UnixWare.After the string of lawsuits Novell stated that he had no interest in suing people over UNIX. Future of UNIX UNIX may still be prevalent in t oday’s computer world but what about the future will it be as strong as it is or has been, with multicore processors and cheaper operating systems like Linux and Windows x86, we may see companies moving away from UNIX. â€Å"The results reaffirm continued enthusiasm for Linux as a host server platform, with Windows similarly growing and UNIX set for a long, but gradual, decline,† says the poll report, published in February 2009. UNIX has had a long and lively past, and while it's not going away, it will increasingly be under pressure,† says Gartner analyst George Weiss. â€Å"Linux is the strategic ‘UNIX' of choice. † Although Linux doesn't have the long legacy of development, tuning and stress-testing that UNIX has seen, it is approaching and will soon equal UNIX in performance, reliability and scalability, he says (Anthes, 2009).Even with Linux approaching performance and reliability I have found another suggestion saying that UNIX won’t be fading away anytime soon I found this survey report to be interesting. Of the 211 respondents, 130 (62%) reported using UNIX in their organizations. (Most survey responses are based on input from the latter. ) Of the respondents whose companies use UNIX, 69% indicated that their organizations are â€Å"extremely reliant† or â€Å"very reliant† on UNIX, with another 21% portraying their organizations as â€Å"somewhat reliant† on UNIX. 0% responded that they were not very reliant or not at all reliant on UNIX as an OS (Keefe, 2009). From the research I have gathered I am getting mixed reviews on the Future of UNIX but my gut instinct tells me with the recent MAC OS support that UNIX is here to stay now in my opinion the only thing that would needed to be done is to allow the operating system to work with multicore processors then UNIX would again be a force to reckon with.Conclusion UNIX has had a very long life span for an operating system and has always played a very important part in or computer world we know today from my report I see that UNIX has been through a lot from being developed to almost dying out to having lawsuits for copyrights and through all this UNIX is a very powerful operating system that has made it through every obstacle thrown in its path. The future is still truly unknown about UNIX even with he recent support that it has gained and with all the competition in its market it is really hard to say whether or not UNIX will be around or if it will die out, I can say that regardless of future if UNIX was never created we may not have the computer systems we have today. Bibliography Anthes,G (2009) Unix turns 40: The past, present and future of a revolutionary OS Afzal, Amir (2008) UNIX Unbounded: A beginning Approach, Fifth Edition. Keefe, M (2009) Survey: Unix has a long and healthy future, say users http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Unix

Are Grades and Effective Means of Motivation? Essay

Believing: Grades are often seen to be one of, if not the most effective method of motivating a student to work to their fullest potential. For example, a student who receives an A-grade is going to be encouraged by the grade, as they see it to be an affirmation of their academic efforts. An A-student views their grade with pride, and will work very hard to maintain said grade, once achieved. An example of this is as follows. John recently received an A on his Math test. He then goes home with a sense of pride, bragging about it to all of his friends. John now realizes that he must keep up the good work and continue to work hard for school, in order to continue to feel as good as he does today. Conversely, a failing student will regard his/her grades with shame, and will be more motivated to raise their grade from the gutter as a result. An example of this is as follows. John receives an F for failing to complete an assignment on time. As a reaction to this, John decides that he will turn his life around completely and alter his studying habits so that he turns in his assignments on time in the future. In conclusion, grades are by all means the most effective way of motivating a student to excel. Doubting: Grades are the least effective way of motivating a student. This can be said with such certainty due to the very nature of grades themselves. They serve to rank students against each other. Personally, when I feel as though somebody is putting me up against a friend, I feel much less willing to work harder for the class than if they were to simply tell me what I needed to change in order to excel. The Whitehall Study, performed in England 1967, has shown us with certainty that humans placed in a competitive hierarchical situation over prolonged periods of time will increase their chances of gaining cardiovascular disease by 40%. This shows us that students placed under similar conditions (as they are with the grade system) are not only less motivated to work, but are also at risk of dying. Another important factor to consider when discussing high-school students and their academic achievements is that many of us are apathetic. This means that when we see a grade, we simply just don’t care about it and it doesn’t serve to motivate us one way or the other. This leads me to conclude that grades, when seriously considered by the student, are not only the least effective way of motivating students to do their best work, but are also a serious health concern. Reflection: This writing activity was unlike anything I had seen before. It challenged me to write from two entirely different perspectives, which is something very new to me. The main difficulty I faced with this assignment was the assignment itself. While it may seem redundant to say so, the assignment asked us to write about something from two polarized perspectives, and that was what challenged me the most. I found it easy enough to write the doubting response, as it is what I can most easily associate with. When it came to writing the believing response, I felt as though I was stuck. I stared blankly at my page for several minutes until I finally decided to ask an A-student what their perspective on the matter was. Doing so helped me greatly, as it broadened my mind and aided me in writing about something from an entirely foreign perspective. After completing this assignment I can honestly say that I am a more well-rounded person, as I find it easier to relate to what others are saying, even if it goes against every fiber of my existence. Believing and doubting helps me wallow in complexity by reminding me not to forget that there is a flip-side to what I am arguing at any given time, and I’ve caught myself thinking about a few of my foundational beliefs and how they can be contradicted by somebody with a different outlook on life. In conclusion, I believe that this assignment has helped me to understand that there are several other points of view to consider.

Chekkov essays

Chekkov essays Most of Chekhovs plays have been recognized as distinguished masterpieces. However, no play depicts the drama of unanswered love as well as his major play, The Seagull. In this play, many tangled cases of unrequited love exist in the lives of characters. Masha adores Treplev and looks for any reason just to have a glance at him. Treplev, on the other hand, loves Nina because his relationship with his mother lacks love and affection, and he needs Ninas love as compensation for his deficiencies. The third case of unanswered love is Arkadinas love for the talented writer Trigorin. Last but finally not least is the attachment of Polina to Dorin. Chekhov depicts each characters unfortunate plight and actions with acute insight. The central and probably the most tragic love in The Seagull is Treplevs love for Nina Zarechnaya. They seem like a perfect couple: he, the son of a famous actress, she, a young and talented girl who desires to become an actress. Treplev has fallen head over heels in love with Nina and confesses his love for her at every instant they are together. She, on the other hand, seems to like him but mentions nothing about her love for him and rather avoids this touchy subject. NIN@ Isnt there someone over there? TREPLEV: No, theres no one. (Kissing her). NIN@ What sort of tree is that?... TREPLEV: I love you. NIN@ Sh! (Chekhov, The Seagull, American Book-Stratford Press, Inc., New York. p. 9-10). As soon as Zarechnaya is introduced to Trigorin, she falls in love with him and his work, and she becomes a stranger to Treplev. Treplev immediately notices the change of attitude towards him. This is the point when Treplevs life loses its meaning, and he attempts to kill himself. However , before the attempt at suicide, he does hint to Nina about the possibility of his dying of unanswered love. He goes off on...

Tricky Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement

Tricky Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement In the present tense, a verb must agree in number with its subject. Thats the basic principle of subject-verb agreement. Its a simple enough rule, but on certain occasions even experienced writers can slip up on it. Lets have a look at three of the trickier cases of subject-verb agreement: Making subject and verb agree when words come between themReaching agreement when the subject is an indefinite pronounMaking the verbs have, do, and be agree with their subjects CASE #1: Making Subject and Verb Agree When Words Come Between Them In determining subject-verb agreement, dont let yourself be confused by words that come between the subject and the verb. Lets compare these two sentences: This box belongs in the attic.This box of ornaments belongs in the attic. In both sentences, the verb belongs agrees with its subject, box. Dont let the prepositional phrase in the second sentence fool you into thinking that ornaments is the subject. Its  simply the object of the preposition of and does not affect the agreement of subject and verb. Prepositional phrases (as well as adjective clauses, appositives, and participle phrases) often come between a subject and a verb. So to make sure that a verb agrees with its subject and not with a word in the phrase or clause, mentally cross out the interrupting group of words: One (of my sisters friends) is a pilot.The people (who survived the explosion) are in a shelter.A man (chasing unicorns) is on the terrace. Remember, then, that the subject is not always the noun closest to the verb. Rather, the subject is the noun (or pronoun) that names what the sentence is about, and it may be separated by several words from the verb. CASE #2: Reaching Agreement When the Subject Is an Indefinite Pronoun Remember to add an -s to the end of the verb in the present tense if the subject is one of the indefinite pronouns listed below: one (anyone, everyone, no one, someone)anybody (everybody, somebody, nobody)anything (everything, something, nothing)each, either, neither As a general rule, treat these words as third-person singular pronouns (he, she, it). In the following sentences, each subject is an indefinite pronoun and each verb ends in -s: Nobody claims to be perfect.Everybody plays the fool sometimes.Each of the divers has an oxygen tank. In that last sentence, note that has agrees with the subject each, not with divers (the object of the preposition). CASE #3: Making Have, Do, and Be Agree With Their Subjects Although all verbs follow the same principle of agreement, certain verbs seem to be a little more troublesome than others. In particular, many agreement errors result from the misuse of the common verbs have, do, and be. We need to remember that the verb have appears as has if the subject is a singular noun or a third-person singular pronoun (he, she, it): Dana Barrett has ghosts in her bedroom. If the subject is a plural noun or the pronoun I, you, we, or they, use have: The Ghostbusters have a new client. In a nutshell, She has, but They have. Similarly, the verb do appears as does if the subject is a singular noun or, once again, a third-person singular pronoun (he, she, it): Gus does the housework. If the subject is a plural noun or the pronoun I, you, we, or they, use do: Gus and Martha  do the chores together. Are you beginning to see a pattern here? Then lets mix it up just a little bit. The verb be has three forms in the present tense: is, am, are. Use is if the subject is a singular noun or a third-person singular pronoun (he, she, it): Dr. Venkman is unhappy. Use am if the subject is the first-person singular pronoun (I): I am not the person you think I am. Finally, if the subject is a plural noun or the pronoun you, we, or they, use are: The fans are in the stands, and we are ready to play. Now, lets take one more look at these three verbs- -but from a different angle. Sometimes a subject may follow (rather than precede) a form of the verb have, do, and be. As shown in the sentences below, this reversal of the usual order occurs in questions that require a helping verb: Where has Egon parked the car?What do you do in your free time?Are we having a test today? In all of these sentences, the present forms of have, do, and be serve as helping verbs  and appear in front of their subjects. Another case in which a form of the verb be comes before the subject is in sentences beginning with the words there or here: There is a unicorn in the garden.Here are the photocopies. Just keep in mind that no matter where a verb appears in a sentence, it must still agree with its subject.

Engaging with professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Engaging with professional Practice - Essay Example Learners get to acknowledge technical necessities and cultural atmospheres prevailing in a given industry. Such cultural aspects include professional language use, interpersonal relationship patterns and management structures adopted within a given sector. In this case, one learns about integration of theoretical knowledge in actual productive activities. In addition, interests developed enhance stimulation in academic progress. According to Raelin (2008), work based learning provides a mechanism through which students evaluated relevance of their courses in practical economic environments. This essay features on a work based learning program undertaken within the design industry. In the recent past, design industry features as one sector in production with a developed profile and defined roles in facilitating macro economic growth within any nation. In the United Kingdom, design industry plays a supplementary but essential role in ensuring success of other business organizations in the region. According to Cooper and Press (2012), the general services offered by designers revolve around the desire to create conventional and appealing representation of a particular object or message to target audience. Design may include graphical representation of industrial processes, final products or messages providing an insight on the nature of services offered by a given firm. Comstock (2009) say that designers usually incorporate all parameters and activities of a given business organization in developing the most appropriate graphical representation of a subject under consideration. In this context, one can appreciate the fact that designers strive to achieve a substantial degree of aesthetic value and a sense of functionality in their final products. Within the UK market, there are numerous designing sectors including web design, fashion design and even industrial process design. The paper narrows down to a sub sector of designing dealing with architectural and physic al infrastructure design. After my second year of studies, I had an opportunity of conducting my work based learning at Capita Architectural organization, a company located in the central business district of London. Capita Architectural Company, commonly abbreviated as CAC, operates within the industry’s sector of building and constructions design. Founded in 1998, the company receives credit from undertaking design projects to successful companies in UK and across other parts of Europe. It works closely with the UK branding infrastructural development sector in ensuring creation of aesthetic and sustainable infrastructure. This organization usually gathers assignments dealing with customized preferences, and development of residential and business buildings across the metropolitan city. Employees working within the firm are local residents of London. The local employee population is meant to ensure that architectural designs and subsequent buildings take into consideration the local trends and the prevailing aesthetic atmospheres. According to Thompson (2012), most design tasks entail substantial utilization of technological tools, especially computer systems and other relevant electronic devices. In this case, employees within the firm are equipped with the requisite academic knowledge credential and design skills meant to facilitate competence and efficiency in their professional duties. In the process

Critical response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical response - Essay Example As it was the fate of Jordan (and of many other women), they are pushed to the wall because they seem to live with people that do not appreciate them (June 361). Really, in some cases, some women even become the breadwinners in their home. They are given so much responsibility and much is expected from them, but they are never really appreciated. While reading it, one would easily notice Jordan’s unique manner of narration—the way she transposes between the past and the present. One is inevitably led to believe that the connection between her past and present is undeniable. Of course, the experiences she narrates are not just her but also those of marginalised women all over the world, not just Africans and those that have African root. Thus, June Jordan’s essay effective serves one of the purposes of literature which to creatively represent the (unvoiced) ideal and â€Å"unideals† of people. It must be noted that June Jordan is not the first person to write on these issues. One other person that has written on it is Alice Walker (Walker 7). Like Jordan, many of what one reads in Walker’s works is not just her but about many others like her. So, â€Å"Many Rivers to Cross† by June Jordan deserves lots of commendation but no one should ever make the mistake of thinking it is just the story of African or Africa-American

Research Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Research Portfolio - Essay Example This signifies that for a similar product or service, if a firm contracts with the vendor for a specific volume because of rate fluctuations, then they will be paying extra. The customs duty structure is openly related to such rates that will have more impact (Taylor, 2004). Cash loss also enhances thereby damaging the working capital needs. In essence, this openly plunges the productivity of a business. Research Questions/Topics Some of the research questions that this paper seeks to answer include the causes, as well as effects of the global financial crisis (Evans & Lyons, 2003). Such a topic is extremely important as the global financial crisis are considered to have been brought about by miscalculations in the foreign exchange market. Another research topic is the assessment of changing patterns of global comparative advantage along with its policy implications. The third question includes how major world exporters and importers are dealing with the issues affecting foreign exch ange market. It would be interesting to know how major economies in the world are trying to deal with these issues affecting foreign exchange (Evans & Lyons, 2003). Fourthly, another question includes factors leading to the exchange rate volatility in major world economies. Finally, the fifth question would be how the issues affecting the foreign exchange market affect trade, productivity and employment. Data Required This study will incorporate nations such as the United States, United Kingdom, China, Germany, Brazil and other key world traders. The paper selected these nations because they are the ones who are always on the media discussing the issues in the foreign exchange market. Also, major companies will also be incorporated in this study, such as car exporting firms and food importing firms among others and the sample size will be nearly 50 respondents. The study will take place over two months, and some of the variables that will be studied in the survey include causes, as well as effects of the issues in the foreign exchange market, who are being affected and what is being done to deal with these issues. Proposed Methodology The study on foreign-exchange intervention is all about empirical research. The paper includes a wide range of experimental techniques and strategies. The various methodologies presented diverse types of problems about which anybody evaluating this paper’s results should be mindful. It is vital to include both primary and secondary sources effectively to come up with the information of the topic (Lothian & Dijk, 2006). Primary information could be gathered from business managers or owners of the business while secondary data could be gathered from already published sources of this topic. The overarching issue, which confronted this empirical survey, was the simultaneous determination of bureaucrat intervention, as well as exchange-rate changes. Since the study lacked an adequate amount of high frequency sources, I generall y did not apply standard numerical techniques to this issue. Question 2 Overview Market structure indicators like the number of banks, as well as banking concentration, usually have been regarded as the main determinants of business rivalry in the banking sector. However, critics argue that these variables have no important impact on market power (Angelini & Cetorelli, 2003). Firm rivalry in the ba

Are Children Born with an Innate Ability to Acquire Language

Are Children Born with an Innate Ability to Acquire Language Humans ability to use language is essential and many believe it to be the sole ability that seperates us from all other mammals (Chomsky, 2006 ; Crrystal, 1997 ; Hocket, 1960. The importance for humans to be able to acquire language from a young age is unquestionable, but how we acquire it is under huge debate amongst psychologists and psycholinguists. Nativists such as Chomsky (1959) believe language has an innate basis and this is how we acquire it so quickly and at such a young age, whilst behaviourists believe we acquire language like any other learned behaviour (Skinner, 1957). Another theory in this debate is the social pragmatic theory which states that children create constructions of languages which develop over time (Tomasello, 2003). This essay aims to explore the theories that exist within this debate and therefore examine the support and evidence for each in order to assess if children are in fact born with an innate ability to acquire language. Immitation Perhaps the most simplest theory existing within this debate is the idea that children learn language by imitating adults and modelling their speech based on what they hear others saying. Adults also use child directed speech and therefore talk differently to and around children compared to how they talk around other adults (Cook and Newson, 2007). Many psychologists have also said that this theory is too simplistic to account for language acquisition (Bloom, Hood, and Lightbow 1974, Clark and Clark 1977, Chomsky 1986, and Dale 1976). This theory cannot be ignored though as imitation has been proven to help children acquire an accent (Blades, Cowie and Smith, 2003). Skinner Further support Evidence for the imitation theory comes from Skinner, who founded behaviourism, which claims that any behaviour is learnt from experience and subsequently there is no such thing as an innate ability; this includes the ability to acquire language. In 1957 he claimed that language acquisition was simply a matter of imitation, reinforcement and association therefore we learn language in the same way that Skinner showed how a rat can learn a path in a maze. Support for Skinner comes from Clarke-Stewart (1973) who found that children who experienced a vast amount of spoken languages from their parents had a larger vocabulary compared to those who experiences little spoken language. Chomsky Chomsky however disagrees with Skinner (Chapman and Routledge, 2005) and believed that children are born with an innate knowledge of the structure of language. He called this a language acquisition device (LAD) which is an innate mechanism only in humans which allows us to develop language. (HARTLEY). Chomsky argued that a poverty of the stimulus existed as the language in by which children are surrounded is not rich enough for children to successfully learn language and so they must be helped with the process of acquisition by some form of innate knowledge (HARTLEY). Chomsky (1959) pointed out that children cannot learn by imitation alone as they are able to produce sentences they may have never heard before and this is one of the major flaws of behaviourism. Children use grammar to construct these new sentences by using grammatical rules, this also means they can identify when they produce ungrammatical sentences and can prevent these mistakes from being produced again in the futur e (WHITNEY). Chomsky also noted that all languages have universal grammar or linguistic universals which all humans are programmed to understand and learn quickly early on in life. The theory of Universal Grammar says that all languages have the same basic foundation. As humans were not genetically programmed to speak a particular language so grammar allows us to learn the patterns of a particular language without actually being taught them (WHITNEY). If no one is born knowing a particular language, and were prepared to acquire language, then we must be born with the ability to acquire any language. This is reflected in children of a younger age as it is easier for them to learn a new language than it is for adults. However, this ability to acquire language rapidly must be taken advantage of before puberty, as after this critical period it is much harder for a child to learn how to talk correctly (HARTLEY). Support for Chomsky Like Chomsky, Jill and Peter de Villers (1978) showed that parents use child directed speech when talking to their children, and so if imitation were to be the answer to how we acquire language, children would talk using this motherese language. Support for language acquisition being innate can be taken from a longitudinal study conducted on a 9 year old deaf child called Simon. Researchers studied him from 2 years old and found that despite his parents teaching him incorrect grammar when it comes to in sign language, he was able to sign with correct grammar (http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/01/health/linguists-debate-study-classifying-language-as-innate-human-skill.html). However, this study was only conducted using one child and therefore cannot be seen as representative of the whole population. Dionne, Dale, Bolvin and Plomin, 2003 (Mccartney and Phillips, 2006) conducted a study using same sex twins and found that when they correlated vocabulary and grammar ability, they were equally correlated at ages 2 and 3. This, they believe, suggests that there are genetic factors influencing these abilities and therefore there is a general innate language basis. If language does in fact have an innate basis then language disorders should be inheritable Criticism for Chomsky There are less extreme nativists than Chomsky who say that we are born with language biases allowing us to learn language. This is called the whole object assumption or fast mapping. The acquisition of names for entities belonging to different types and the effect of lexical contrast (Kipp and Shaffer YEAR). Bard and Sachs (1977) reported a study where a child had two deaf parents, despite being surrounded by speech from television and friends he was unable to acquire language until a speech therapist began to work with him around the age of 4. After this he was able to acquire language rather quickly showing there must be some form of innate knowledge that allowed him to acquire languages quickly, however he still needed to be taught how to use language. Gomez and Gerkhen, 1998 (Hoff and Shatz, 2009) reject the idea that language has innate properties. They say that many researchers assume that because language is so complex, it is unlearnable and therefore we must be born with a way of knowing how and when to generalise from the stimuli in which we encounter. Piaget, 1980 (Piaget, Piatelli-Palmarini and Chomsky, 1980) also said because language is complex we cannot assume it has a specific innate basis simply because we acquire it quickly and early on in life. Bloom and Markson (YEAR) pointed out that the focus of most language acquisition research is based on parents teaching children speech. This research is mainly conducted within western cultures, however this is not universal as in some cultures parents dont help their children to learn words, therefore they learn from overheard speech. However these children still develop a good vocabulary. Locke, 1995 believed that all knowledge that rationalists said was innate can actually be learnt through experience. At birth our mind is a tabula rosa on which sensations can influence and determine our future behaviour. Research has been conducted regarding the critical period that Chomsky referred to regarding optimal acquisition of language. Research has shown that if children have not acquired language before puberty then they are not likely to ever fully acquire it, regardless of any innate mechanisms they may hold. If the language acquisition advice truely existed, like Chomsky believed it to, then surely this critical period would not exist, or at least we should be able to acquire language at any age (Hayes, YEAR). Lenneberg Lenneburg (1967) believed in a critical period for language acquisition but that that said that a child must experience spoken language frequently during this critical period in order for language to be fully acquired. After this critical period prior to puberty, the child undergoes several changes which makes it increasingly harder for the child to acquire language. This is also supported by the fact that it is harder for adults to learn a language than it is for children. Social Pragmatic Theory Tomasello (2003) looked away from a specifically innate theory of language acquisition and instead created a construction based approach to how children acquire language; developing from simple to more complex constructions. Bruner (1983) said that almost all language a child acquires is done so through a routine of interaction with adults or more complex speakers than themselves. A child will first learn to understand a persons intentions by sharing goals and therefore enabling the child to know what is going on and why it is happening. This then facilitates joint attention between the child and adult allowing them to both focus on the same object or cultural routine. A cultural routine is an activity or event which occurs frequently in the childs everyday life and so the child is able to predict successfully the shared goals existing in that activity (Tomasello 2008). An experiment conducted by Baldwin 1991, 1993 (Bates and Tomasello, 2001) showed that children are capable of monitoring an adults attentional focus and know that a label refers to an object that the speaker is attending to, even if this object was hidden. At around 16 months children were unable to identify any object, but around 19 months they successfully chose the object the adult was attending to despite this object being hidden from sight. Despite this Atkinson (1982) and Gleitmen et al (1984) believed that the social pragmatic view of how children may acquire language is vague and subsequently does not produce testable theories of language.

The issues of the poet :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question is: What do you think the grandmother meant when she said to the Misfit, â€Å"Why you’re one of my babies. You’re one of my own children!† Why do you think the Misfit killed her when she said that? Since the question is two parts, I’ll answer it in two parts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The grandmother said that the Misfit was one of her children in an attempt to console him into thinking that she was not someone that he wanted to kill. The reason that she says that has some symbolic underlying tones. She symbolizes Jesus, saving His flock from the perils of life, while the Misfit represents Lucifer, out to undermine the very fabric of our belief system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The devil, in most cases, is purely an anecdotal figure; there simply for us to gauge the deeds of the good against. In this case, we see that the devil, easily represented by an escape convict, showing all that could go wrong with a person. The convict, however, goes through all theses motions showing almost no emotion; as if he has no humanly response to any stressful situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Misfit killed the grandmother in a mute fit of rage. In his mind he was thinking, â€Å"How do she get tha gall ta say she’s my ma? She ain’t got no right ta do it.† He then promptly killed her for her indiscretions. This simple act is brought about by a complex set of circumstances. The need of the devil to immediately extinguish all resistance to his cause; control the little man and you shall control the masses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fact that the Misfit killed the grandmother in cold blood is not true. The Misfit was full of inner emotion when he consummated the act, seemingly showing no outward signs of fear or nervousness.

Distinguish between the processes of erosion and weathering in an area undergoing glaciation

Erosion is defined as the removal and transport of earth materials by natural agents and can be split into two main categories. Abrasion (or corrasion) is the glacier's use of angular debris, held by the ice, to scrape away at the underlying rock. Evidence of this in an area undergoing glaciation are scratches on rock known as striations. Plucking involves the glacier freezing on to blocks of rock and pulling them away. Meltwater will assist in this plucking process: pressure builds up behind a protrusion of rock and so causes melting. The meltwater penetrates any cracks and freezes around the rock (regelation) which is then pulled out by the glacier. Weathering is similar to erosion in that it includes the breakup of rocks, just not the transportation of the materials formed as does erosion. The specific definition of weathering is the breakup of rock due to exposure to the atmosphere. The weathering of a rock by freeze-thaw action (or frost shattering) may break up rock in periglacial conditions before glaciers advance. At the early stage of corrie formation freeze-thaw action and possibly chemical weathering will weather rock beneath the accumulating patch of snow (the process of nivation). During glaciation, meltwater will give rise to freeze-thaw action at the base of the glacier. Examine the impact of glacially eroded landforms on human activity â€Å"The impact of glaciation on human activity has been considerable both in lowland and highland areas. † (David Jones and Lawrence Kimpton 2000). This question focuses on how human activity has been affected by glacial erosion. The most recent glacial period began approximately 30,000 years ago and ended 10,000 years ago. At its peak 29% of the Earth's surface was covered by ice in comparison to 10% covered today. Sea level fell by at least 100 m and the beach was as much as 150 km further east along the Atlantic coast, thus forming land bridges between North America and Asia, which allowed for the migration of animals and humans to previously glaciated areas. Glacial eroded landforms include the features horns (pyramid shaped peaks), arites (knife shaped ridges), cirques (a bowl shaped depression found in mountains), erratics (boulders), valleys, tunnels and lakes. These landforms have affected human activity in various ways, including tourism, communications, farming and settlement and industry. Many upland areas that experienced the effects of prolonged glacial erosion during the Pleistocene have become important centres of tourism. Highland areas both those glaciated in the past and those with glaciers remaining today, are major areas of tourism because of the spectacular scenery and their suitability for winter sports. The Cirque-arete-trough landscape attracts hill walkers, scramblers, climbers, mountaineers, photographers, botanists, skiiers, snowboarders, hang gliders, painting, canoeing, sailing etc. In Britain, the Highlands of Scotland have become an important centre for summer holidays and winter skiing, whilst the National Parks of Snowdonia, the Lake District and Peak District are visited by millions of tourists each year. Areas such as the Lake District are increasingly popular for short weekend breaks. The attractions of these areas for tourism owe much to the effects of glaciation. The sharply defined peaks, deep U-shaped troughs and numerous lakes are all impressive landform features and provide these uplands with their attractive scenery. The rugged landscape appeals to many weekend hill walkers and mountaineers. The lakes which provide a range of activities -sailing, canoeing, swimming- and possess their own pleasant climates have become important centres of tourism. Large scale winter tourism is promoted in the Alps and similar locations by the existence of permanent snowfields and the heavy winter snowfall. Aviemore is one of the largest winter tourism centres in Britain with several ski runs on the upper slopes of the Cairngorms. Communications are also affected by glacially eroded landforms. Glaciated valleys offer natural routeways through high mountain landscapes and lower areas e. g. the Mohawk Gap that leads to New York. Settlement and Industry can hug the glacial trough floor, which often provide transport routeways. Many aspects of transport and communications -by land, sea and waterways -have been affected to a considerable degree by glacial action. In many upland areas, glacial breaches and troughs often form the only routeways suitable for communication by land. This situation is exemplified in the Highlands of Scotland where communications links by land north, and west of the Glen More are extremely difficult. Much of the land surface lies over 1000 metres above sea level, and consists of rugged mountains with steep, precipitous slope and badly drained moorlands. The presence of numerous lochs and fjords, hemmed in between high mountains, has effectively prevented any significant north-south routes being developed, even along the coast. Glacial breaches across the major watersheds form the only realistic routeways. Only two railway lines traverse the region -from Dingwall to Kyle of Lochalsh via Glen Carron and from Fort William to Mallaig via Lochs Eil and Ailort. All of the road links between Glen More and the west coast rely on glacial breaches which connect westwards and eastwards facing troughs. Glaciated highlands with high snowfalls present hazards such as avalanches. As the pressure of development increases, as in skiing areas, the impact of avalanches on people and settlements becomes greater. They are caused when the snow pack is destabilised suddenly by a loss of cohesion between naturally forming layers in the snow. Glacially eroded areas can lead to a channelled avalanche by which the avalanche progresses down a gully. Avalanches can block roads and railways, cut off power supplies and telecommunications and under extreme conditions, destroy buildings and cause loss of life. Therefore, glacially eroded landforms have impacted human activity, leading to management programs. For example Juneau, in Alaska, has a high avalanche risk. Many houses and businesses lie in the direct path of known avalanche routes and thus the various management schemes as seen above were discussed, and some put in place to protect the now habituated area. However, avalanches only present problems to certain areas. Slopes, for avalanches to occur, are usually greater than 22 degrees but less than 60 degrees, beyond which point it is unlikely that any significant snow pack will build up. Avalanches also tend to occur more often in spring when the temperatures rise and the snow pack has been accumulating all winter. Prosperity can be gained from the industrial development available due to glacially eroded landforms. Glacially eroded landforms offer scope for HEP production, with their steep, deep valleys for storage and rock lips providing sites for dam construction. Hydroelectric power (HEP) is the most widely used renewable form of energy. Although globally it accounts for only 6 percent of all electricity generated, in some countries it provides much more. Norway, for example, produces 96 percent of its electricity from HEP. The scale of HEP schemes varies enormously. In some Alpine villages, small HEP generators supply the power for a single house or hotel. At the other extreme, large HEP stations feed directly into the UK national grid. The advantage of HEP is that running costs are very low and power is instantly available. The main disadvantages are that initial building costs are high, the visual impact might damage the scenic value of a landscape, and the demand for energy is often some distance away. The positive impact of this on human activity can however have some negative impacts. Some ecological damage is also caused if the migratory routes of fish, such as salmon, are blocked. Fish ladders are sometimes built to avoid this problem. Also, when water passes through HEP schemes, the effect of the vertical drop can be to increase the amount of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen in the water. This can be harmful to fish, causing gas bubble disease. HEP in Britain is mostly generated in the glaciated uplands of North Wales, Cumbria and the Scottish Highlands. This is, because, firstly, mountain areas receive the highest rainfall in Britain. For a successful scheme to operate there must be a, reliable supply of running water otherwise the turbines will not turn. Secondly the physical relief is favourable. Glacial troughs, steep stream gradients, hanging valleys and lakes provide the ideal conditions. If natural lakes do not occur, glaciated valleys are relatively cheap to dam because they tend to be narrow and steep sided. Water which is used for HEP is not wasted, it then carries on down the valley. If the valleys are dammed, and the shape of the glacial troughs makes this very straightforward, then the water can be collected and sent to cities in areas of the country where there is perhaps not as much rain as in the highland areas. Glaciers impact human activity here by provide drinking water direct in some areas: rivers like the Rhine and Rhone are fed from glaciers. There is a fear that they may dry up if global warming melts the Alpine glaciers. People in La Paz, Bolivia have water from nearby glacier as public supply. People in the Rhone valley channel glacial meltwater to irrigate their crops. Llyn Peris is a moraine dammed overdeepened ribbon lake, and provides water for Llanberis in N. Wales. Lake Vyrnwy in mid Wales occupies a glacial trough which was flooded in 1889 by building a dam across the valley. Glacially eroded landforms affect human activity both positively and negatively. Avalanches expose inhabitants of the area to great risk, however, they still choose to live there. The positives include tourism, an industry which at present day is thriving and the attractions of these areas owe much to the effects of glaciation. HEP power provides areas with renewable energy and areas with drinking water and natural routeways are provided by glacial erosion.

As Dianne Skafte Essay

As Dianne Skafte stated in her book, â€Å"All the lives form the body of the Earth, and to that body all shall return†. The earth is viewed as the source of life with all the agricultural crops it gives to sustain the living. However, this very earth is also the home of the dead. People in different parts of the world plant their dead in the earth just like the seeds of their crops with the belief that their loved one will be born again as a new person, live in the body of an animal, or stay in the underworld. Otherwise, our ancients believed that the spirits who were returned to the earth become wise and that they gain the ability to turn into clairvoyants who can see the future and thus give guidance to those who are still living (Skafte 2000). This is the primary reason why necromancy was constantly used in the classical world. If a person decides to contact the dead, he or she will have the ability to know many hidden things. The act of necromancy falls under the umbrella of many different occult divination practices. The term was rooted from the ancient Greek language with the word ‘nekros’ meaning ‘corpse’ and ‘manteia’ or ‘prophesy’. Necromancy evolved through time and developed many different forms. Even though the Greeks may seem to be the civilization that is always connected to the act, summoning the dead was well-practiced by different civilizations around the world during these classical times like the Romans, Asians, Medieval Europeans, and Egyptians (Helium. com). The people living in the classical times look highly into their ‘necromaneias’ or the oracles of the dead. One famous act of necromancy was the one that happened in a hillside cave in Epiris where the famous legendary hero Odysseus was said to have summoned the dead at the place in order to get some guidance and information for his dangerous journey to home. Even though the Odyssey is only a fictional tale, Homer was able to base his writings from the actual practices of the many Greek necromancers that operate during their time (Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. com). The place was also often connected to the worshipping of the goddess of the underworld, Persephone and the god of the dead, Hades. During the periods of medieval and renaissance times in ancient European history, the act of necromancy is considered as a normal part of the life of the people. There are other reasons why conjuring the dead is used. Wise-men ask for help from the spirits of the departed in order to seek for help in diagnosing the illnesses and giving cures to their patients. When it comes to families, they often seek for guidance from their dead loved ones and ask them to appear in their dreams. It was also believed that the souls of those who had already ‘crossed over to the other side’ have the rare ability in finding missing persons or even treasures that have long been lost. Spirits also help unearth some secret crimes that have been committed but were never given justice. The act of necromancy was so popularly used and believed in the ancient times that Catholic priests were even believed to have practiced the art centuries ago even though it was not openly discussed in their history books of their churches. Classical engravings also document some of the necromancy acts of famous philosophers and scholars of the time. Example of this is the one depicting John Dee, a 16th century mathematician with a famous necromancer. In the picture, the two were enveloped by a magic circle with signs of the zodiac and other symbols with a corpse in front of them. Another illustration was that of the Edward Kelly, an Elizabethan alchemist, and Paul Waring who are also protected by a magic circle while facing a corpse that has risen from the ground. All of these depictions were not fiction and were actual events. The use of the magical circle that shrouds both pictures mentioned serves as the protection of the humans from the forces of the spirit they have called that is mostly unhappy and unwilling to cooperate (Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. com). During these times, scholars asking for the guidance and knowledge of the dead were not considered as an uncommon phenomenon. During the classical times, Nobilities or the Christian clergy were the literate members that compose high society. It is believed that either or both of these two groups were responsible for the spreading and practicing of the necromancy despite of the fact that is was strictly forbidden in Christianity. Access to necromancy is a kind of act that can only be accessible to those who belong to the scholars of Europe mainly because of reasons of accessibility, knowledge, and the procedures it use. Evidence to this fact is the number of confessions that a couple of Nobles and Clergy members expressed regarding their experience with the act. A closer look at the practices of necromancy also showed that the procedures are closely similar to Christian rites. In exorcism cases in Christianity, the spirits or demons were forces away through the use of the name of God, the Holy Spirit, or Jesus. This can be compared to the spells of necromancy which are similar to these rites in complete opposition (Necromancy. com). There are also examples of necromancy written in the Holy Bible. One of these is that on Samuel, chapters 28 and 31 that tell the story of King Saul and his abhorrence to David. In the story, he began doubting his decision of bringing David into his court because of the latter’s charisma in people and good skills of being a warrior. The King regretted letting David enter his kingdom when he started to notice that the people were already choosing the young man’s side instead of his. During that time, the Philistines were also preparing to attack. Out of desperation, King Saul disguised and went to see a ‘seeress’ to help him contact the dead. It shall be noted that the king has given an order to persecute all seers, wizards, and others that deal with the supernatural thus the need for his disguise as a common man. After the woman was convinced that she never have punishment for the request, she went onto a trance and related a vision to King Saul. According to the vision, she saw gods ascending from the earth which all gathered to form a man who is covered by a long mantle. As Saul bowed to the ground, he then recognized the spirit that possessed the woman as his deceased prophet, Samuel. But the vision was not the end of it. Samuel chastised the king for his evil attacks of David and said the because of King Saul’s violation of his covenant with the Lord, he will die the next day. The following die, King Saul’s soldiers were slaughtered and he mortally wounded. Knowing his coming fate, he decided to fall upon his own sword (Skafte 2000). Another example of necromancy mentioned in the bible was in Aeschylus’ Persians. In here, the necromancy procedure consisted of Queen Atossa asking the Persian elders to call Darius from his grave. The Queen brought some garlands of milk and different offerings like milk, honey, water, and unmixed wine and oil. The elders followed the queen’s request and called upon the deceased King asking for powerful death gods like Hades to send his soul in the face of earth. When King Darius was successfully summoned, he narrated the beating of the ground and the effect of the cries of the ‘necromantic cries’ on dead people like him (Bremmer 2002). This literary description supports the ancient beliefs about the two questions that are usually mentioned by the souls called through necromancy. The first is about the experiences and unknown secrets of the deceased while they are still living and the second, who is depicted by this story, are the relating of the souls of the ephemeral and magical things they’ve learned upon ‘crossing over’. There are many risks in calling the dead. One of these is through the perspective of Christians who condemn the use of the act. According to this side, the acquiring of knowledge from the dead is prohibited because it was not information that God prohibited to be released. According Christianity laws, there are only two legitimate sources of information that the living can use. These are the things that are revealed by the Lord and those that gleaned through a natural kind of revelation. Simply said, using necromancy to know secrets from the dead is also equivalent to stealing forbidden information. Second, spirits are not beings that people can simply call and command. The art of necromancy is divided into two different phases, the first of which is the calling of the spirit and the second is compelling it to do the bid of the necromancer. Since the spirits of the dead aren’t actually always willing to be called and ordered, there is a great risk for the necromancer and his assistant to be attacked by the former if they’re magical barrier is not that strong (Necromancy 101. com). Moreover, acts of necromancy should have well-defined motives because otherwise it will be considered as works of darkness, simply for the selfish whims of the person who wants to ‘call’ and can also turn out to be dangerous for the health and reason of the necromancer and his assistant. In necromancy procedures of classical times, necromancers are forced to inflict pain on the spirits they call just to force the latter to follow them. As a result of these, the souls are usually very unhappy towards the individuals, heightening the probability of them to become violent.Thus, there is a great risk that comes along with the valuable secrets a spirit may expose (Spence 1960). Bibliography: Bremmer, Jan N. 2002. The rise and fall of the afterlife: The 1995 Read-Tuckwell Lectures at the University of Bristol. Routledge. DeWaay, Bob. 2006. The Dangers of Divination. http://www. deceptioninthechurch. com/dangersofdivination. html (accessed June 14, 2009). Necromancy. 2009. Necromancy in History. Necromancy: Encyclopedia II. http://www. experiencefestival. com/a/Necromancy_-Necromancy_in_history/id/1575928 (accessed June 14, 2009). Skafte, Dianne. 2000. When Oracles Speak. Quest Books. Spence, Lewis. 1960. Encyclopaedia of Occultism. New York: University Books. Townbridge, B. 2009. Necromancy explained. Helium. com. http://www. helium. com/items/246248-necromancy-explained (accessed June 14, 2009). Tyson, Donald. 2007. The Truth About Necromancy. Donald Tyson’s Supernatural World. http://www. donaldtyson. com/necro. html (accessed June 14, 2009). Wendell, Leilah. 1997. Necromancy 101. The Occult Library. http://www. realmagick. com/articles/17/1817. html (accessed June 14, 2009).